Analysis of the Status of Muslim Women in Islam in the two Decades from the Western Lens and Media
Keywords:
Muslim Women, Western Media, Women Empowerment, Women’s plight
Abstract
Following sound knowledge and a better understanding of women's issues from the grassroots level could be a great source of policy-making, particularly on women empowerment. In addition, women’s studies could be a potential means of effecting a positive change toward building a better society. Women’s studies play a pivotal role in the attainment of societal progress and human development. Media can be used to navigate the impact of the negative portrayal of Muslim women in societies across the globe. Thus, under the lens of print and non-print media, numerous Oriental researchers had been examining the plight of Muslim women to unveil their status and the active role they play in societies. This research explores the previous research on issues and experiences of Muslim women geared towards creating a positive attitude and better perspective on Muslim women. Since the year 2000, there had been a great development of research and studies which focused on Muslim women from different perspectives. Hence, there is a need to review the related literature on Muslim women due to its important role in presenting the various identities, and the role of Muslim women in societies across the world.
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Al-Hejin, Bandar. “Covering Muslim Women: Semantic Macrostructures in BBC News.” Discourse & Communication 9, no. 1 (2015): 19-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481314555262.
Aquil, Rajaa. “Change and Muslim Women.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1, no. 21 (2011): 21-30.
Aytar, Esra, and Peter Bodor. “Discourses of being a Muslim Woman in Contemporary Hungary and the Hijab Paradox.” Quaderni di Sociologia (2019): 33-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/qds.2609.
Bullock, Katherine. Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical and Modern Stereotypes. Richmond: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2002.
Bullock, Katherine H, and Gul Joya Jafri. “Media (Mis) Representations Muslim Women in the Canadian Nation.” Canadian Woman Studies 20, no. 2 (2000): 36-40.
Byng, Michelle D. “Symbolically Muslim: Media, Hijab, and the West.” Critical Sociology, 36, no. 1 (2010): 109-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920509347143.
Carland, Susan. “Silenced: Muslim Women Commentators in the Australian Media.” The La Trobe Journal 89, no.1 (2012):140-150.
Cole, Darnell, and Shafiqa Ahmadi. “Perspectives and Experiences of Muslim Women who Veil on College Campuses.” Journal of College Student Development 44, no.1 (2003): 47-66.
Elisabeth, Julie, and Pruzan-Jørgensen. Islamic Women’s Activism in the Arab World: Potentials and Challenges for External Actors, 2012, DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies) Report 02, Copenhagen.
Hochel, Sandra. “To Veil or Not to Veil: Voices of Malaysian Muslim Women.” Intercultural Communication Studies XXII, no. 2 (2013): 40-57.
Kampmark, Binoy. “Islam, Women and Australia’s Cultural Discourse of Terror.” Hecate: an interdisciplinary journal of women's liberation 29, no. 1 (2003): 86-105.
Khan, Azka, and Wajeeha Aurangzeb. “Need to Counter Gendered Orientalism: The Case of Muslim Women Caricatures on E-Media.” Research Journal Al Baṣīrah 7, no. 2 (2018): 23-39.
Khan, Muhammad Ashraf, and Sadaf Zahra. “Portrayal of Muslim Women by Western Print Media: A Textual Analysis in Feministic & Orientalist Perspective.” Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research 17 (2016): 41-57.
Khiabany, Gholam, and Milly Williamson. “Muslim Women and Veiled Threats: From ‘Civilising Mission’ to ‘Clash of Civilisations’.” In Pointing the Finger: Islam and Muslims in the British Media, edited by Petley J and Richardson R, 173-200. London: One World, 2011.
Khiabany, Gholam and Milly Williamson. Veiled Bodies – Naked Racism: Culture, Politics and Race in the Sun. Race & Class 50, no. 2 (2008): 69-88.
Mishra, Smeeta. “‘Saving’ Muslim Women and Fighting Muslim Men: Analysis of Representations in The New York Times.” Global Media Journal 6, no. 11 (2007a): 1–20.
Mishra, Smeeta. “‘Liberation’ vs. ‘purity’: Representations of Saudi Women.” in the American Press and American Women in the Saudi Press. The Howard Journal of Communications 18, no. 3 (2007b): 259-276.
Mustafa, Nawal. Muslim Women don’t Need Saving: Gendered Islamophobia in Europe, 2020 Report, Transnational Institute - www.tni.org, Amsterdam.
Naeeni, Nahleh Gharavi. “Islamic Women Studies is Important and Necessary.” Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 (2010): 1238–1243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.313.
Noormohamed, Nadia Abgrab. “Muslim Women - Adapting Culture to the Modern Western World.” Journal of Diversity Management 3, no. 1 (2008): 67-74.
Perry, Barbara. “Gendered Islamophobia: Hate Crime against Muslim Women.” Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 20, no. 1 (2014): 74-89. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2013.864467.
Rahman, Bushra H. “Framing of Pakistani Muslim Women in International Media: Muslim Feminist’s Perspective.” American International Journal of Contemporary Research 2, no. 1 (2012): 106-113.
Roushanzamir, Elli Lester. “Chimera Veil of ‘Iranian Woman’ and Processes of U.S. Textual Commodification: How U.S. Print Media Represent Iran.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 28, no. 1 (2004): 9-28.
Ryan, Louise. “Muslim Women Negotiating Collective Stigmatization: ‘We’re Just Normal People’.” Sociology 45, no. 6 (2011): 1045-1060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511416170.
Satiti, Nur Latifah Umi. “Representation of Muslim Women in the Western Media.” Journal ILMU Komunikasi 14, no. 2 (2017): 189-202.
Spencer, R., and Chesler, P. (2007). The Violent Oppression of Women in Islam. David Horowitz Freedom Center: Los Angeles.
Terman, Rochelle. “Islamophobia and Media Portrayals of Muslim Women: A Computational Text Analysis of US News Coverage.” International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 3 (2017): 489-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx051.
The Daily Star, “PM Birthday Today.” Retrieved 29 September 2019.
Yaqoob, Salma. “Muslim Women and War on Terror.” Feminist Review, no. 88 (2008): 150–61. DOI: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30140883.
Zimmerman, Danielle Dunand. “Young Arab Muslim Women’s Agency Challenging Western Feminism.” Journal of Women and Social Work 30, no. 2 (2015): 145-157. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109914546126.
Zine, Jasmin. “Unveiled Sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and Experiences of Veiling among Muslim Girls in a Canadian Islamic School.” Equity & Excellence in Education 39 (2006): 239–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680600788503.
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