Mass Media and Islamic Religious Propagation (Da’wah) in Kyrgyzstan
Keywords:
Mass Media, Da‘wah, Kyrgyzstan, Islamic Organizations, Radio, Television
Abstract
The contemporary religious calling has gradually adopted technology because the audience it tries to attract is highly preoccupied with technology, which has become an essential facilitator of communication. Muslim preachers have gradually, but successfully, pushed the media to the frontline as an important tool. This paper examines the use of the mass media for da‘wah in Kyrgyzstan. Although the conventional face-to-face interaction is the dominant mode of da‘wah, the Islamic organizations are also aware of the impact of the mass media on ‘evangelism.’ Nonetheless, the financial implications of the broadcast media diverts many da‘wah groups to the print media (i.e. newspaper, magazine, books) and more importantly, the internet. Therefore, we conclude that, although the Kyrgyz mass media is, undoubtedly, perceived as capable of influencing the people’s minds, the desire and expertise for exploiting the broadcast media is not deep among the da‘wah experts in the country. Therefore, we recommended that they make effective use of these media for da‘wah.
References
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Baum, Matthew A. & Potter, Philip B.K. (2008).“The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis”, Annual Review Political Science, 11. 39-65
Chockler, Gregory V., Keidar, Idit, & Vitenberg, Roman. (2001). “Group Communication Specifications: A Comprehensive Study”, ACM Computing Surveys, 33/4. 427-469
Chong, Dennis & Druckman, James N. (2007). “Framing Theory”, Annual Review Political Science, 10. 103-26.
Collins, Erin, Jensen, Martin, Kanev, Peter, et-al. (2004). “Shifting Power: US Hegemony and the Media”, The Interdisciplinary Journal of International Studies, 2. 21-49.
Curran, James. (2009). “Media System, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study” European Journal of Communication, 24/1. 5-26 Dabashi, Hamid. (2008). Islamic Liberation Theology: Resisting the Empire (London: Routledge)
Demers, David . (2005). Dictionary of Mass Communication & Media Research: A Guide for Students, Scholars and Professionals (Spokane, WA: Marquette Books).
Douglas, Crystal, Fischer, Andrea, Fletcher, Kim, et-al, (March 2014). “The Arab Uprisings: Causes, Consequences, and Perspectives (An Extended Summary of a Panel Discussion with Rami Khouri)”, Working Paper, no.1 (International Conflict Analysis and Transformation, Kennesaw State University, U.S.A.)
Driedger, S.M. (2007). “Risk and the Media: A Comparison of Print and Televised News Stories of a Canadian drinking Water Risk Event”, Risk Analysis, 27/3, 775-786
Echchaibi, Nabil. (2011). “From Audiotapes to Videoblogs: The Delocalization of Authority in Islam”, Nations and Nationalism, 17/1. 25-44
Fletcher, J.E., Roberts, C.V.& Watson, K.E., eds, Intrapersonal Communication Processes. Physiological Foundations of Intrapersonal Communication (New Orleans, LA: Spectra, 1989);
Frieden, Jeffry. (2006). Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York: W.W. Norton). 127-250;
Gamson, W.A. & Modigliani, A. (1987). “The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action”, in R.D Braungart, ed. (pp.137–77), Research in Political Sociology, vol.3 (Greenwich, CT: JAI).
Haberman, Clyde. (2nd December 1989). “The Kremlin and the Vatican; Gorbachev Visits Pope at Vatican; Ties are Forged,” The New York Times.
Horowitz, S. (2004). “Reversing Globalization: Trade policy consequences of World War I”, European Journal of International Relations, 10/1. 33-59
Hussain, Mohd Yusof, ed. (2009). Reading in Islamic Da‘wah (Kuala-Lumpur: IIUM press).
Jemmer, Patrick. (2009). “Intrapersonal Communication: the Hidden Language”, European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 9/1. 37-49
Khouri, Rami G. (October 23, 2013). “Putting out the Syrian fire”, The New York Times
Larsson, Gӧren. (2011). Muslims and the New Media: Historical and Contemporary Debates (Burlington, Ashgate).
Liebert, R.M. & Schwartzberg, N.S. (1977). “Effects of Mass Media”, Annual Review of Psychology, 28. 141-173
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McCombs, Maxwell E., Shaw, Donald L. (1972). “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36/2. 176–187
McCombs, M. (2002). The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public Opinion (Mimeograph, University of Texas).
McGlinchey, Eric. (2009). Islamic Revivalism and State Failure in Kyrgyzstan (Seattle, WA: NCEEER)
Mcquail, Denis. (1979). “The Influence and Effects of Mass Media”, in James Curran, et-al. eds. (pp.70-93), Mass Communication and Society (Beverly Hills, SAGE)
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Martin, Brian. (1990). “Politics after a Nuclear Crisis”, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 9/2. 69-78
Moll, Yasmin. (2010). “Islamic Televangelism: Religion, Media and Visuality in Contemporary Egypt”, Arab Media & Society, 10. 1-27
Montgomery, David & Heathershaw, John. “Islam, Secularism, and Danger: A Reconsideration of the Link between Religiosity, Radicalism, and rebellion in Central Asia” (Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Boston, MA, November 24)
Muchtar, Nurhaya& Ritchey, Jeffrey A. (2014). “Preaching, Community, and Convergence: Use of Old and New Media by Progressive Indonesian Islamic Leaders”, International Communication Gazette, 76/ 4 , 360-376
O’Neill, Brian. (2011). “Media Effects in Context”, in Virgina Nightingale, ed. The Handbook of Media Audiences (Oxford: Blackwell).
O’Sullivan,T., Hartley, J., Saunders, D. & Fiske, J.(1983) Key Concepts in Communication (Toronto: Methuen).
Prensky, Marc. (2001). “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants”, On the Horizon, 9/5. 1- 6
Philo, Greg. (2014). Seeing and Believing: The Influence of Television (Abingdon: Routledge)
Ramadan, Tariq. (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad (New York: Oxford University Press).
Ramadan, Tariq. (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (New York: O.U.P.)
Ramadan, Tariq. (1999). To Be a European Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation).
Remarque, Erich Maria, trans. by: A.W. Wheen, (1982). All Quiet On The Western Front (New York: Ballantine Books).
Rogers, Everett M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed. (New York: Free Press)
Rodman, George. (2011). Mass Media in a Changing World, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill).
Ruthven, Malise. (August 2007). “The Islamic Optimist,” The New York Review of Books, 54/13. 61-65
Salam, Abdus. (2000). Da‘wah Guide (New-Delhi: Bharat Offset Press Delhi).
Sampei, Yuki & Aoyagi-Usui, Midori. (2009). “Mass-Media Coverage, its Influence on Public Awareness of Climate-Change Issues, and Implications for Japan’s National Campaign to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Global Environmental Change 19. 203-212
Schoenfeld, A.C. Meier, R.F. & Griffin, R.J. (1979). “Constructing a Social Problem: The Press and the Environment”, Social Problems, 27/1. 38-61
Schramm, Wilbur & Roberts, Donald. eds. ( 1971). The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (Chicago: University of Illinois Press).
Schulz, Dorothea E.(2006). “Promises of (Im)mediate Salvation: Islam, Broadcast Media, and the Remaking of Religious Experience in Mali”, American Ethnologist, 33/2. 210-229
Shah, D.V. Watts, M.D. Domke, D.Fan, D.P. (2002). “News Framing and Cueing of Issue Regimes: Explaining Clinton’s Public Approval in Spite of Scandal”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 66. 339–70.
Slovic, P. (1979). “Informing and Educating the Public about Risk”, in P. Slovic, ed., The Perception of Risk (London: Earthscan)
Taira, Teemu. (2013). “Does the ‘Old’ Media's Coverage of Religion Matter in Times of ‘Digital Religion’?”, Digital Religion, 25. 204-221
Tampio, Nicholas. (2011). “Constructing the Space of Testimony: Tariq Ramadan’s Copernican Revolution”, Political Theory 39/5. 600-629
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News (New York: Free).
Wagner, Peter. (December 2011). “The Democratic Crisis of Capitalism: Reflections on Political and Economic Modernity in Europe”, LEQS Paper, no. 44 (London School of Economics)
Williams, John H. (1947). “Economic lessons of two World Wars”, Foreign Affairs, 16 , 134-154.
Wise, Lindsay. (2003).“‘Words from the Heart’: New Forms of Islamic Preaching in Egypt” (M. Phil thesis, Oxford University)
Wood, Julia T. (2010). Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 6th ed. (Boston, MA: Wadsworth, , 9
Interview
Anonymous Staff, SAMK, Bishkek, 02/I0/2014
Begaiym Kanat kyzy, Press Secretary, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Kyrgyzstan, 24th March 2015.
Beishenbek Bekeshov, Deputy Director, EL-TR, Bishkek, 04/11/2014
Bilal Ajy Saypiev, Deputy Director of the Da‘wah Department, SAMK, Bishkek, 02/10/ 2014
Ilyaz Nazarbekov , Director, Sunnat, Bishkek, 18/10/2014
Jumadyl Mamatjanov, Director, Adep Bashaty, Bishkek, 16/10/2014
Kanatbek Matmuratov, Producer, Marva TV, Bishkek, 06/10/2014
Mohd Yusof Hussain, “The Friday Khutbah as a Channel of Islamic Da‘wah”, in
Ravshanbek Ajy Eratov, Director, Da‘wah Department, SAMK, Bishkek, 02/10/2014
.
Sardar Sagyraeva, Member, Mutakalim, Bishkek, 18/09/2014
Shamsudeen Abdykalyk uulu, Director, As-Salam, 06/01/ 2015
Temir Toktagaziev, Director, Manas Janyrygy, Bishkek, 20/11/2014
Zurah Shambetova, Member, Mutakalim, Bishkek, 18/09/ 2014
Internet
http://internet.bibo.kz/295878-utverzhdenie-o-nelegitimnosti-nakhozhdenija.html, 02/02/2015
http://kyrnet.kg/archives/386, 20/05/2014.
Aday, Sean, Farrell, Henry, Lynch, Marc, et-al, (2012). Blogs and Bullets II: New Media and Conflict after the Arab Spring [Peaceworks no.80] (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace)
Aday, Sean, Farrell, Henry, Lynch, Marc, et-al. (2010). Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics [Peaceworks no.65] (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press).
Aday, Sean, Farrell, Henry, Lynch, Marc, et-al. (1978). Blogs and Bullets II, p.4; Sara Krentzman Srygley, “Influence of Mass Media on Today’s Young People”, Educationa Leadership, 35/7. 526-529
Bertot, J.C., Jaeger, P.T. & Grimes, G.M. (2010). “Using ICTs to create a Culture of Transparency: Egovernment and Social Media as Openness and Anti-Corruption Tools for Societies”, Government Information Quarterly, 27. 264-271
Baum, Matthew A. & Potter, Philip B.K. (2008).“The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis”, Annual Review Political Science, 11. 39-65
Chockler, Gregory V., Keidar, Idit, & Vitenberg, Roman. (2001). “Group Communication Specifications: A Comprehensive Study”, ACM Computing Surveys, 33/4. 427-469
Chong, Dennis & Druckman, James N. (2007). “Framing Theory”, Annual Review Political Science, 10. 103-26.
Collins, Erin, Jensen, Martin, Kanev, Peter, et-al. (2004). “Shifting Power: US Hegemony and the Media”, The Interdisciplinary Journal of International Studies, 2. 21-49.
Curran, James. (2009). “Media System, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study” European Journal of Communication, 24/1. 5-26 Dabashi, Hamid. (2008). Islamic Liberation Theology: Resisting the Empire (London: Routledge)
Demers, David . (2005). Dictionary of Mass Communication & Media Research: A Guide for Students, Scholars and Professionals (Spokane, WA: Marquette Books).
Douglas, Crystal, Fischer, Andrea, Fletcher, Kim, et-al, (March 2014). “The Arab Uprisings: Causes, Consequences, and Perspectives (An Extended Summary of a Panel Discussion with Rami Khouri)”, Working Paper, no.1 (International Conflict Analysis and Transformation, Kennesaw State University, U.S.A.)
Driedger, S.M. (2007). “Risk and the Media: A Comparison of Print and Televised News Stories of a Canadian drinking Water Risk Event”, Risk Analysis, 27/3, 775-786
Echchaibi, Nabil. (2011). “From Audiotapes to Videoblogs: The Delocalization of Authority in Islam”, Nations and Nationalism, 17/1. 25-44
Fletcher, J.E., Roberts, C.V.& Watson, K.E., eds, Intrapersonal Communication Processes. Physiological Foundations of Intrapersonal Communication (New Orleans, LA: Spectra, 1989);
Frieden, Jeffry. (2006). Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York: W.W. Norton). 127-250;
Gamson, W.A. & Modigliani, A. (1987). “The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action”, in R.D Braungart, ed. (pp.137–77), Research in Political Sociology, vol.3 (Greenwich, CT: JAI).
Haberman, Clyde. (2nd December 1989). “The Kremlin and the Vatican; Gorbachev Visits Pope at Vatican; Ties are Forged,” The New York Times.
Horowitz, S. (2004). “Reversing Globalization: Trade policy consequences of World War I”, European Journal of International Relations, 10/1. 33-59
Hussain, Mohd Yusof, ed. (2009). Reading in Islamic Da‘wah (Kuala-Lumpur: IIUM press).
Jemmer, Patrick. (2009). “Intrapersonal Communication: the Hidden Language”, European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 9/1. 37-49
Khouri, Rami G. (October 23, 2013). “Putting out the Syrian fire”, The New York Times
Larsson, Gӧren. (2011). Muslims and the New Media: Historical and Contemporary Debates (Burlington, Ashgate).
Liebert, R.M. & Schwartzberg, N.S. (1977). “Effects of Mass Media”, Annual Review of Psychology, 28. 141-173
Lorimer, Rowland & Scannell, Paddy. (1994). Mass Communications: A Comparative Introduction (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
McCombs, Maxwell E., Shaw, Donald L. (1972). “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36/2. 176–187
McCombs, M. (2002). The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public Opinion (Mimeograph, University of Texas).
McGlinchey, Eric. (2009). Islamic Revivalism and State Failure in Kyrgyzstan (Seattle, WA: NCEEER)
Mcquail, Denis. (1979). “The Influence and Effects of Mass Media”, in James Curran, et-al. eds. (pp.70-93), Mass Communication and Society (Beverly Hills, SAGE)
Malikov, Kadyr. (2011). Muslim Community in Kyrgyzstan: Social Activity at the Present Stage (Bishkek: Al Salam).
Martin, Brian. (1990). “Politics after a Nuclear Crisis”, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 9/2. 69-78
Moll, Yasmin. (2010). “Islamic Televangelism: Religion, Media and Visuality in Contemporary Egypt”, Arab Media & Society, 10. 1-27
Montgomery, David & Heathershaw, John. “Islam, Secularism, and Danger: A Reconsideration of the Link between Religiosity, Radicalism, and rebellion in Central Asia” (Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Boston, MA, November 24)
Muchtar, Nurhaya& Ritchey, Jeffrey A. (2014). “Preaching, Community, and Convergence: Use of Old and New Media by Progressive Indonesian Islamic Leaders”, International Communication Gazette, 76/ 4 , 360-376
O’Neill, Brian. (2011). “Media Effects in Context”, in Virgina Nightingale, ed. The Handbook of Media Audiences (Oxford: Blackwell).
O’Sullivan,T., Hartley, J., Saunders, D. & Fiske, J.(1983) Key Concepts in Communication (Toronto: Methuen).
Prensky, Marc. (2001). “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants”, On the Horizon, 9/5. 1- 6
Philo, Greg. (2014). Seeing and Believing: The Influence of Television (Abingdon: Routledge)
Ramadan, Tariq. (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad (New York: Oxford University Press).
Ramadan, Tariq. (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (New York: O.U.P.)
Ramadan, Tariq. (1999). To Be a European Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation).
Remarque, Erich Maria, trans. by: A.W. Wheen, (1982). All Quiet On The Western Front (New York: Ballantine Books).
Rogers, Everett M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed. (New York: Free Press)
Rodman, George. (2011). Mass Media in a Changing World, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill).
Ruthven, Malise. (August 2007). “The Islamic Optimist,” The New York Review of Books, 54/13. 61-65
Salam, Abdus. (2000). Da‘wah Guide (New-Delhi: Bharat Offset Press Delhi).
Sampei, Yuki & Aoyagi-Usui, Midori. (2009). “Mass-Media Coverage, its Influence on Public Awareness of Climate-Change Issues, and Implications for Japan’s National Campaign to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, Global Environmental Change 19. 203-212
Schoenfeld, A.C. Meier, R.F. & Griffin, R.J. (1979). “Constructing a Social Problem: The Press and the Environment”, Social Problems, 27/1. 38-61
Schramm, Wilbur & Roberts, Donald. eds. ( 1971). The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (Chicago: University of Illinois Press).
Schulz, Dorothea E.(2006). “Promises of (Im)mediate Salvation: Islam, Broadcast Media, and the Remaking of Religious Experience in Mali”, American Ethnologist, 33/2. 210-229
Shah, D.V. Watts, M.D. Domke, D.Fan, D.P. (2002). “News Framing and Cueing of Issue Regimes: Explaining Clinton’s Public Approval in Spite of Scandal”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 66. 339–70.
Slovic, P. (1979). “Informing and Educating the Public about Risk”, in P. Slovic, ed., The Perception of Risk (London: Earthscan)
Taira, Teemu. (2013). “Does the ‘Old’ Media's Coverage of Religion Matter in Times of ‘Digital Religion’?”, Digital Religion, 25. 204-221
Tampio, Nicholas. (2011). “Constructing the Space of Testimony: Tariq Ramadan’s Copernican Revolution”, Political Theory 39/5. 600-629
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News (New York: Free).
Wagner, Peter. (December 2011). “The Democratic Crisis of Capitalism: Reflections on Political and Economic Modernity in Europe”, LEQS Paper, no. 44 (London School of Economics)
Williams, John H. (1947). “Economic lessons of two World Wars”, Foreign Affairs, 16 , 134-154.
Wise, Lindsay. (2003).“‘Words from the Heart’: New Forms of Islamic Preaching in Egypt” (M. Phil thesis, Oxford University)
Wood, Julia T. (2010). Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 6th ed. (Boston, MA: Wadsworth, , 9
Interview
Anonymous Staff, SAMK, Bishkek, 02/I0/2014
Begaiym Kanat kyzy, Press Secretary, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Kyrgyzstan, 24th March 2015.
Beishenbek Bekeshov, Deputy Director, EL-TR, Bishkek, 04/11/2014
Bilal Ajy Saypiev, Deputy Director of the Da‘wah Department, SAMK, Bishkek, 02/10/ 2014
Ilyaz Nazarbekov , Director, Sunnat, Bishkek, 18/10/2014
Jumadyl Mamatjanov, Director, Adep Bashaty, Bishkek, 16/10/2014
Kanatbek Matmuratov, Producer, Marva TV, Bishkek, 06/10/2014
Mohd Yusof Hussain, “The Friday Khutbah as a Channel of Islamic Da‘wah”, in
Ravshanbek Ajy Eratov, Director, Da‘wah Department, SAMK, Bishkek, 02/10/2014
.
Sardar Sagyraeva, Member, Mutakalim, Bishkek, 18/09/2014
Shamsudeen Abdykalyk uulu, Director, As-Salam, 06/01/ 2015
Temir Toktagaziev, Director, Manas Janyrygy, Bishkek, 20/11/2014
Zurah Shambetova, Member, Mutakalim, Bishkek, 18/09/ 2014
Internet
http://internet.bibo.kz/295878-utverzhdenie-o-nelegitimnosti-nakhozhdenija.html, 02/02/2015
http://kyrnet.kg/archives/386, 20/05/2014.
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