Sufism A Peace-building and Resilient Strategy to Curb Violent Extremism in Pakistan
Keywords:
counter-narrative, al-Qaida, Pakistan, Zarb-e-Azb, Sufism
Abstract
This paper aims to emphasize the need to develop a counter-narrative strategy by the state of Pakistan in order to dismantle and deconstruct Taliban’s proliferating ideology that is currently challenging the writ of the state. The mindset and ideology of Taliban legitimize the use of violence or cause terror by harming or endangering people’s life and security and promote legal impunity against them. The phenomenon of global terrorism was surfaced after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on US and Pakistan had to confront the long-term consequences of its unconditional support as a frontline ally of US to fight the global war against terrorism. On the other hand, the ideological contours of Taliban focus on two key agendas that are abhorrence towards the anti-Islamic and imperialist states and to entice and recruit new supporters to the cause. On the other hand, the state and society are failed to construct an effective counter-narrative. The state’s approach to tackle the issue by using hard power and military strength led towards the birth, growth and proliferation of terrorist outfits. However, the use of traditional kinetic approach to curb violent religious extremism has been proved unsuccessful. Resultantly, the US after spending several billion dollars and tons of state of the art military weapons, had to withdraw its forces for the second time by terminating the longest physical and military mission in Afghanistan after two decades without achieving success. The paper tries to explore that Sufi approach instead of traditional hard military power can prevent and counter violent religious extremism (P/CVRE) in Pakistan and can bring peace and stability.
References
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Ibid.
Rohan Gunaratna & Khuram Iqbal. “Pakistan Terrorism Ground Zero”. (London: Britain. Reaktion Books Ltd. 2011).
M. J. Cassini & M. J. Audou. Of the Use of Plausible Deniability by the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan. (2013). https://dune.univ-angers.fr/fichiers/20031843/20132MALLC1111/fichier/1111F.pdf
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema. “Security Threats Confronting Pakistan”. Security Outlook of the Asia Pacific Countries and Its Implications for the Defense Sector. NIDS Joint Research Series No. 9 (n.d.)
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Sheikh Dr Zaki Badawi. Jihad From Quran to bin Laden. (London, Palgrave Macmillan; 2004).
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Barak Mendelsohn. Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism. (Chicago; The University of Chicago Press 2009).
Rohan Gunaratna & Khuram Iqbal. “Pakistan Terrorism Ground Zero”. (London: Britain. Reaktion Books Ltd. 2011).
Aarish Ullah Khan. The Terrorist Threat and the Policy Response in Pakistan. SIPRI Policy Paper. (2005). https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/PP/SIPRIPP11.pdf
Dr. Eamon Murphy & Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik. Pakistan Jihad: The Making of Religious Terrorism. IPRI, Journal IX, NO.2. (2009). http://www.ipripak.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/art2eams2009.pdf
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Saba Noor. Women Suicide Bombers: An Emerging Security Challenge for Pakistan. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, Vol. 3, No. 11 (2011), pp. 1-3.
Sahar Pirzada. A Missing Counter Narrative for Terrorism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 12.1. (2017). p. 80.
Joseph Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs. (2004). p. ix.
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Antulio J. Echevarria. Wars of Ideas And The War Of Ideas. Strategic Studies Institute. (2008). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/90824/Wars_Ideas.pdf
Sahar Pirzada. A Missing Counter Narrative for Terrorism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 12.1. (2017). p. 80.
Christian, Leuprecht, Todd Hataley, Sophia Moskalenko, and Clark McCauley. Narratives and Counter-Narratives for Global Jihad: Opinion versus Action. Countering Violent Extremist Narratives. The National Coordinator for Counterterrorism. (2010). https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Countering-violent-extremist-narratives.pdf
Alex P. Schmid. (2014). Al-Qaeda’s “Single Narrative” and Attempts to Develop Counter Narratives: The State of Knowledge. ICCT Research Paper. http://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/Schmid-Al-Qaeda's-Single-Narrative-and-Attempts-to-Develop-Counter-Narratives-January-2014.pdf
Ibid.
Sheikh Dr Zaki Badawi. Jihad From Quran to bin Laden. (London, Palgrave Macmillan; 2004).
Adib Bencherif. Unpacking “glocal” jihad: from the birth to the “sahelisation’ of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 14:3. (2021). 335-353.
Ibid.
Tom Quiggin. Understanding al-Qaeda’s Ideology for CounterNarrative Work. Perspectives On Terrorism. Volume 3, Issue 2. (2009). https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2009/issue-2/understanding-al-qaeda%E2%80%99s-ideology-for-counter-narrative-work---tom-quiggin.pdf
Christoph Reuter. My Life is a Weapon. (New Delhi, Manas Publications & Princeton University Press, 2005).
Ibid.
Ozer Khalid. The Global Terror Contagion Collision, Collusion and Convergence A Comparative Cross-Border Multi-Level Analysis of Extremism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 11.2. (2016). p. 99.
Ulrich Karock The Peshawar Army Public School attack: From nightmare to greater darkness? Directorate-General For External Policies. (2014). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/536429/EXPOATA(2014 )536429EN.pdf
Zahid, Farhan. “The successes and Failures of Pakistan’s Operation Zarb-e-Azb.” Jamestown Foundation: Terrorism Monitor, vol. 13 (July 10, 2015). https://jamestown.org/program/the-successes-and-failures-of-pakistans-operation-zarb-e-azb/.
Andrew North, All hues or some shades in North Waziristan? BBC News. (2014 July 2). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28122590
Daud Khattak. Pakistan Makes No Distinction Between 'Good,' 'Bad' Taliban. Gandhara. (November 19, 2014). https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/sartaj-aziz-interview/26699985.html
Pakistan Army launches 'Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad' across the country. DAWN. February 22, 2017. https://www.dawn.com/news/1316332
Sanjeev Miglani. Afghan president says Taliban wouldn't last a month without Pakistan support. REUTERS. (December 4, 2016). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-afghanistan-idUSKBN13T0CM
Pildat. Monitor Implementation and Monitoring of the National Action Plan. (2017). https://www.pildat.org/events/17-05-24/pdf/ImplementationandMonitoringoftheNational ActionPlanBackgroundPaper.pdf
Jennifer Jane Hocking, & Colleen Helen Lewis. Counter-Terrorism and the Post-Democratic State. (1st ed.) (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).
Sahar Pirzada. A Missing Counter Narrative for Terrorism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 12.1. (2017). p. 80.
Abdul Basit. "Countering Violent Extremism: Evaluating Pakistan's Counter-Radicalization and De-Radicalization Initiatives." IPRI Journal 15, no. 2 (2015): 44-68.
Jennifer Jane Hocking, & Colleen Helen Lewis. Counter-Terrorism and the Post-Democratic State. (1st ed.) (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).
Umbreen Javaid. Operation Zarb-e-Azb: A Successful Initiative to Curtail Terrorism. South Asian Studies. Vol. 30, No.2. (2015). 43 – 58.
Jennifer Jane Hocking, & Colleen Helen Lewis. Counter-Terrorism and the Post-Democratic State. (1st ed.) (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).
Ibid.
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Strengthening Governance in Pakistan: Assessing the National Action Plan to counter Terrorism and Extremism. (2020). https://www.pakpips.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/NAP-Final-fromHamayun.pdf
Munazza Batool. (2013). Sufis of the Indian Subcontinent and their views of Hinduism. National Conference on ‘Religious Harmony and Interfaith Dilogue in KPK. Hazara University Mansehra. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334465043_Sufis_of_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_their_views_of_Hinduism
Khan, M.A. 2008. Islamic Jihad: A legacy of Forced Conversation Imperialism and Slavery. Falibri.com. USA Print.
Ashaq Hussain. Pluralism And Communal Harmony: Studying The Contribution Of Sufis. International Journal of Multiculturalism. Vol. 1.2. (2020). DOI: 10.30546/2708-3136.2020.1.2.65
Jürgen Wasim Frembgen. Tolerance in the Sufi Tradition. Sahapedia. (2016). https://www.sahapedia.org/tolerance-the-sufi-tradition
Ibid.
Jalal al-Din Rumi. (2004). The Essential Rumi. Barks, C. (trans.). HarperOne.
Retreived from: (https://www.sultanbahoo.net/)
Jürgen Wasim Frembgen. Tolerance in the Sufi Tradition. Sahapedia. (2016). https://www.sahapedia.org/tolerance-the-sufi-tradition
Makhmatkulov Ilhom Turdimurodovich, Giyasov Bobosher Djurakulovich, Eshatov Ikrom Quziyevich. The Role And Place Of The Khanqahs In Spreading The Mysticism And Spiritual Purification To The Peoples Of Central Asia. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 9, Issue 03. (2020). http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/mar2020/The-Role-And-Place-Of-The-Khanqahs-In-Spreading-The-Mysticism-And-Spiritual-Purification-To-The-Peoples-Of-Central-Asia.pdf
Ozer Khalid. The Global Terror Contagion Collision, Collusion and Convergence A Comparative Cross-Border Multi-Level Analysis of Extremism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 11.2. (2016). p. 99.
Barak Mendelsohn. Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism. (Chicago; The University of Chicago Press 2009).
Weinberg. Leonard “The First War of the Twenty-first Century”. GlobalTerrorism: a beginner’s guide. (England: One word Publications. 2005).
Mohammad Yousaf; Mark Adkin. The Bear Trap Afghanistan’s Untold Story. (Lahore; Jang Publishers, 2003).
Aarish Ullah Khan. The Terrorist Threat and the Policy Response in Pakistan. SIPRI Policy Paper. (2005). https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/PP/SIPRIPP11.pdf
Ahmed Rashid. Taliban The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond. (New Delhi. Brijbasi Art Press Ltd, 2010).
Ibid.
Rohan Gunaratna & Khuram Iqbal. “Pakistan Terrorism Ground Zero”. (London: Britain. Reaktion Books Ltd. 2011).
M. J. Cassini & M. J. Audou. Of the Use of Plausible Deniability by the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan. (2013). https://dune.univ-angers.fr/fichiers/20031843/20132MALLC1111/fichier/1111F.pdf
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema. “Security Threats Confronting Pakistan”. Security Outlook of the Asia Pacific Countries and Its Implications for the Defense Sector. NIDS Joint Research Series No. 9 (n.d.)
Ahmed Rashid. Taliban The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond. (New Delhi. Brijbasi Art Press Ltd, 2010).
Ahmed Rashid. Taliban The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond. (New Delhi. Brijbasi Art Press Ltd, 2010).
Sheikh Dr Zaki Badawi. Jihad From Quran to bin Laden. (London, Palgrave Macmillan; 2004).
Benjamin Orbach. Usama Bin Ladin And Al-Qa’ida: Origins And Doctrines. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 4. (2001). https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/orb0101.pdf
Syed Saleem Shahzad. Inside al-Qaida and the Taliban Beyond bin Laden and 9/11. (London, Pluto Press, 2011).
Peter W. Singer. The War on Terrorism: The Big Picture. Brookings. (2004 June 1). https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-war-on-terrorism-the-big-picture/
Barak Mendelsohn. Combating Jihadism: American Hegemony and Interstate Cooperation in the War on Terrorism. (Chicago; The University of Chicago Press 2009).
Rohan Gunaratna & Khuram Iqbal. “Pakistan Terrorism Ground Zero”. (London: Britain. Reaktion Books Ltd. 2011).
Aarish Ullah Khan. The Terrorist Threat and the Policy Response in Pakistan. SIPRI Policy Paper. (2005). https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/PP/SIPRIPP11.pdf
Dr. Eamon Murphy & Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik. Pakistan Jihad: The Making of Religious Terrorism. IPRI, Journal IX, NO.2. (2009). http://www.ipripak.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/art2eams2009.pdf
Hashim Pasha. The US-Pakistan relationship in a new Afghanistan. Atlantic Council. (2021 Sep. 2). https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/the-us-pakistan-relationship-in-a-new-afghanistan/
Ryan, Missy, and Karen DeYoung. Biden will withdraw all U.S. forces from Afghanistan by Sept. 11, 2021. The Washington Post. (2021). https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/biden-us-troop-withdrawal-afghanistan/2021/04/13/918c3cae-9beb-11eb-8a83-
Robert A. Pape Dying To Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. (Chicago; Random House Publishing Group, 2005).
Christoph Reuter. My Life is a Weapon. (New Delhi, Manas Publications & Princeton University Press, 2005).
Abubakar Siddique. First Female Suicide Bomber Marks 'Paradigm Shift' In Pakistan's Baluch Insurgency. Gandhara. (2022 April 29). https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/first-female-suicide-bomber-baluch-insurgency-pakistan/31827362.html
Saba Noor. Women Suicide Bombers: An Emerging Security Challenge for Pakistan. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, Vol. 3, No. 11 (2011), pp. 1-3.
Sahar Pirzada. A Missing Counter Narrative for Terrorism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 12.1. (2017). p. 80.
Joseph Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs. (2004). p. ix.
Alex P. Schmid. Al-Qaeda’s “Single Narrative” and Attempts to Develop Counter Narratives: The State of Knowledge. ICCT Research Paper. (2014). http://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/Schmid-Al-Qaeda's-Single-Narrative-and-Attempts-to-Develop-Counter-Narratives-January-2014.pdf
Antulio J. Echevarria. Wars of Ideas And The War Of Ideas. Strategic Studies Institute. (2008). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/90824/Wars_Ideas.pdf
Sahar Pirzada. A Missing Counter Narrative for Terrorism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 12.1. (2017). p. 80.
Christian, Leuprecht, Todd Hataley, Sophia Moskalenko, and Clark McCauley. Narratives and Counter-Narratives for Global Jihad: Opinion versus Action. Countering Violent Extremist Narratives. The National Coordinator for Counterterrorism. (2010). https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/Countering-violent-extremist-narratives.pdf
Alex P. Schmid. (2014). Al-Qaeda’s “Single Narrative” and Attempts to Develop Counter Narratives: The State of Knowledge. ICCT Research Paper. http://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/Schmid-Al-Qaeda's-Single-Narrative-and-Attempts-to-Develop-Counter-Narratives-January-2014.pdf
Ibid.
Sheikh Dr Zaki Badawi. Jihad From Quran to bin Laden. (London, Palgrave Macmillan; 2004).
Adib Bencherif. Unpacking “glocal” jihad: from the birth to the “sahelisation’ of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 14:3. (2021). 335-353.
Ibid.
Tom Quiggin. Understanding al-Qaeda’s Ideology for CounterNarrative Work. Perspectives On Terrorism. Volume 3, Issue 2. (2009). https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2009/issue-2/understanding-al-qaeda%E2%80%99s-ideology-for-counter-narrative-work---tom-quiggin.pdf
Christoph Reuter. My Life is a Weapon. (New Delhi, Manas Publications & Princeton University Press, 2005).
Ibid.
Ozer Khalid. The Global Terror Contagion Collision, Collusion and Convergence A Comparative Cross-Border Multi-Level Analysis of Extremism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 11.2. (2016). p. 99.
Ulrich Karock The Peshawar Army Public School attack: From nightmare to greater darkness? Directorate-General For External Policies. (2014). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2014/536429/EXPOATA(2014 )536429EN.pdf
Zahid, Farhan. “The successes and Failures of Pakistan’s Operation Zarb-e-Azb.” Jamestown Foundation: Terrorism Monitor, vol. 13 (July 10, 2015). https://jamestown.org/program/the-successes-and-failures-of-pakistans-operation-zarb-e-azb/.
Andrew North, All hues or some shades in North Waziristan? BBC News. (2014 July 2). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28122590
Daud Khattak. Pakistan Makes No Distinction Between 'Good,' 'Bad' Taliban. Gandhara. (November 19, 2014). https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/sartaj-aziz-interview/26699985.html
Pakistan Army launches 'Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad' across the country. DAWN. February 22, 2017. https://www.dawn.com/news/1316332
Sanjeev Miglani. Afghan president says Taliban wouldn't last a month without Pakistan support. REUTERS. (December 4, 2016). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-afghanistan-idUSKBN13T0CM
Pildat. Monitor Implementation and Monitoring of the National Action Plan. (2017). https://www.pildat.org/events/17-05-24/pdf/ImplementationandMonitoringoftheNational ActionPlanBackgroundPaper.pdf
Jennifer Jane Hocking, & Colleen Helen Lewis. Counter-Terrorism and the Post-Democratic State. (1st ed.) (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).
Sahar Pirzada. A Missing Counter Narrative for Terrorism. Criterion Quarterly. Vol. 12.1. (2017). p. 80.
Abdul Basit. "Countering Violent Extremism: Evaluating Pakistan's Counter-Radicalization and De-Radicalization Initiatives." IPRI Journal 15, no. 2 (2015): 44-68.
Jennifer Jane Hocking, & Colleen Helen Lewis. Counter-Terrorism and the Post-Democratic State. (1st ed.) (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).
Umbreen Javaid. Operation Zarb-e-Azb: A Successful Initiative to Curtail Terrorism. South Asian Studies. Vol. 30, No.2. (2015). 43 – 58.
Jennifer Jane Hocking, & Colleen Helen Lewis. Counter-Terrorism and the Post-Democratic State. (1st ed.) (UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007).
Ibid.
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Strengthening Governance in Pakistan: Assessing the National Action Plan to counter Terrorism and Extremism. (2020). https://www.pakpips.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/NAP-Final-fromHamayun.pdf
Munazza Batool. (2013). Sufis of the Indian Subcontinent and their views of Hinduism. National Conference on ‘Religious Harmony and Interfaith Dilogue in KPK. Hazara University Mansehra. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334465043_Sufis_of_the_Indian_subcontinent_and_their_views_of_Hinduism
Khan, M.A. 2008. Islamic Jihad: A legacy of Forced Conversation Imperialism and Slavery. Falibri.com. USA Print.
Ashaq Hussain. Pluralism And Communal Harmony: Studying The Contribution Of Sufis. International Journal of Multiculturalism. Vol. 1.2. (2020). DOI: 10.30546/2708-3136.2020.1.2.65
Jürgen Wasim Frembgen. Tolerance in the Sufi Tradition. Sahapedia. (2016). https://www.sahapedia.org/tolerance-the-sufi-tradition
Ibid.
Jalal al-Din Rumi. (2004). The Essential Rumi. Barks, C. (trans.). HarperOne.
Retreived from: (https://www.sultanbahoo.net/)
Jürgen Wasim Frembgen. Tolerance in the Sufi Tradition. Sahapedia. (2016). https://www.sahapedia.org/tolerance-the-sufi-tradition
Makhmatkulov Ilhom Turdimurodovich, Giyasov Bobosher Djurakulovich, Eshatov Ikrom Quziyevich. The Role And Place Of The Khanqahs In Spreading The Mysticism And Spiritual Purification To The Peoples Of Central Asia. International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 9, Issue 03. (2020). http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/mar2020/The-Role-And-Place-Of-The-Khanqahs-In-Spreading-The-Mysticism-And-Spiritual-Purification-To-The-Peoples-Of-Central-Asia.pdf
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