A Critical Study of “The Messenger: The Life of Muḥammad” by RVC Bodley
Keywords:
Keywords: Orientalism, Life of RVC Bodley, Allegations on Sīrah
Abstract
Abstract
Hundreds of publications written in various Western languages throughout Europe at the end of the 19th century followed a generally negative trend. However, in the 20th century, orientalists emerged on the scene, nailing the plank of their predecessors. They educated their people about Islamic realities that they were still unaware of through their in-depth studies of Islam. After a thorough examination of the Qur'ān, Hadīth, and other Islamic knowledge sources, Islam was produced on these strong foundations. Ronald Victor Courtenay Bodley (1892–1970) was a writer of 19 compositions, a scriptwriter, biographer, and an official in the British Army. Before the First World War, he traveled to Kashmir while serving in the military. On the counsel of Thomas Edward Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), he voyaged to Algeria and the Sahara desert where he went through seven years among the Arabian migrants. During his stay in Kashmir and the Sahara desert, he found the opportunity to learn about Islam and the Prophet of Islam (ﷺ). So on his arrival to England he chose to compose the history of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). In this article, a critical analysis of his writing “The Messenger, The Life of Muḥammad” (ﷺ) has been presented.
References
Ronald Victor Courtenay Bodley, Indiscretions of a Young Man (London: H Shaylor, 1931), p.251
David Patrick, Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary (Edinburgh: W&R Chambers Limited, 1898), pp.108-109
Bodley, The Soundless Sahara (London: Robert Hale Limited, 1968), Back cover
Dale Carnegie and Bodley, I Lived in the Garden of Allah, How to Stop Worrying and Start living (Washington D.C: Library Of Congress, 1948), p.193
David Dutton, Paris 1918: The War Diary of the British Ambassador, the 17th Earl of Derby (Liverpool: University Press, 2001), p.163
William Snell, “ R.V.C. Bodley (Bodley of Arabia) at Keio University 1933,” The Hiyoshi Review of English Studies, No.63 (September 2013), pp.37,39
Ibid
Ibid, p.38
Bodley, I Lived in the Garden of Allah, p.193
Ibid
Bodley, Indiscretions of a Young Man, p.230
Snell, Bodley of Arabia, pp.41-42
Bodley, The Messenger; The Life of Muḥammad, (Lahore: Orientalia, 1954), p.vi
Ibid, p.1
Ibid, p.6
Ibid
William Muir, The Life of Mohammad (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1923), p.70
Al-Qur’ān, 3:19; 3:102
Bodley, The Messenger, p.74
Ibid, p.75
William Coke Taylor, The History of Mohammedanism and its Sects (London: John W Parker), 2nd EDI, p.90
Gabriel Said Reynolds, The Quran and its Historical Context (London: Taylor & Francis, 2008), p.70
Arhtur Jeffery, Islam Mohammed and His Religion (Indiana: Bobbs Merrill, 1979), p.47
Ibid, p.199
Ibid, p.1
Ibid, p.132
Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (London: Phoenix Press, 1992), p.145
Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips and Dr.Jamila Jones, Polygamy in Islam (Riyad: International Islamic publishing House, 2005), p.14
William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Karachi; Mehran Printers, 2006), 7th EDI, p.277
Bodley, The Messenger, p.81
Ibid, p.82
1 Kings, 11:1-3
1 Chronicles, 14:3 ; 11:21
Muhammad Murtaḍā al Ḥussainī Al Zubaidī, Tāj al ’Urūs min Jawāhir al Qāmūs (Kwait: 1994), 2nd edi, vol.7, pp.534,537
Angel M Rabasa, The Muslim World After 9/11 (California: RAND Corporation, 2004), p.xxxviii
Raymond Ibrahim, Are Judaism and Christianity as Violent as Islam Middle East Quarterly, vol.16, No.3, (Summer 2009), p.4
Bodley, The Messenger, p.135
Ibid, pp.84-85
Ibid, p.271
Bodley, The Messenger, p.1
Ibid, p.93
Ibid, p.56
Muhammad Mohar Ali, The Qur’ān and the Orientalists (UK: Jamī’at Iḥyā Minhāj al-Sunnah, 2004), p.40; Ockley, Simon, The History of the Saracens; Lives of Mohammed and His successors, Henry G Bohn, London,1847, p.2
Simon Ockley, The History of the Saracens, p.2
Bodley, The Messenger, p.77
Ibid, p.1; Genesis, 17:20
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.74-92
Ibid, pp.196-207
Bodley, The Messenger, p.22
Al-Qur’ān, 105:1-5; Muhammad b. Ishāq, Al-Sīra al-Nabwiah, Dārul kutub, Bairūt, 2004, pp.40-49
Muḥammad b. Sa’d, Ṭabaqāt Ibn Sa’d (Karachi: Nafīs Academy), Trans. ’Allāmah ’Abdullah al ’Imādī, vol.1, Part.1, pp.109-112
Abu al Fidā ’Imād al-Dīn Ibn Kathīr, Al Badayah wa al Nihayah (Karachi: Nafīs Academy, 1987) edited by Prof. Kaokab Shādānī, vol.5, p.154
’Alī Ibn Burhān al-Dīn Ḥalbī, Insān al ’Uyūn fī Sīrat al Amīn al Māmūn (Karachi: Dār al Ishā’at, 2009), Trans. Muhammad Aslam Qāsim, vol.1, pp.197-205
Muhammad b. Ishāq Yasār, Al-Sīra al-Nabwiah, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiah Bairūt, 2004), p.97; Ibn Sa’d, Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, pp.121-22; Ibn Kathīr, Al Badayah, vol.2, p.166
Henry Stubbe, An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism, (Luzac &Co, 1911) edited by Ḥāfiẓ Maḥmūd Khān Sharānī, p.73; George Bush, The Life of Mohammed (New York: A.L. Fowle, 1900), pp.34-35; Gladys. M Draycott, Mahomet Founder of Islam (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916), p.29; Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Muhammad from Original Sources (Allahabad: The Presbyterian Mission Press, 1851), p.76; Irving, Mahomet, p.30
Bodley, The Messenger, p.24
Irving, Mahomet, p.31 ; Alfred Guilluame, The Life of Muḥammad, (New York: Oxfor University Press, 1955), p.69; Muir, The Life of Mohammad, p.5; Canon Sell, The Life of Muhammad (India: The Christian Literature Society, 1913), p.7 ; Bush, The Life of Mohammed, p.32
Bodley, The Messenger, p.262
Zarqānī, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al Bāqī, Zarqānī al Mawāhib, Egypt, vol.1, p.168 ; Nabhānī, Yoūsaf b. Ismā’īl, Ḥujjatullah al Ālamīn fī Mo’jizāt Syed al Mursalīn, Bairūt, p.412 ; Shāmī, Muhammad b. Yoūsaf, Subal al-Hudā wa al-Rishād fī Sīrat Khair al‘Ibād, Dārul kutub, Bairut, vol.1, pp.229-233, vol.2, pp.120-128 ; Ḥalbī, Insān al ’Uyūn fī Sīrat al Amīn al Māmūn, vol.1, pp.6-177; Ibn Najīm, ‘Allāma Zain al Dīn Ibrahīm, Al Ishbāh wa al Nẓāir, Idāratul Qur’ān, Karachi, vol.2, p.467
Bukhārī, Book,8, Chapter, 1, Hadith, 349 ; Book.60, Chapter.5, Hadith.3342
Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, pp.223-224 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.3, p.127
Ṭabarī, vol.2, p.64
Bodley, The Messenger , pp.125-26
Bukhārī, Book, 10, Chapter, 1, hadith, 604
Muslim, Book.4, Chapter.1 Hadith.837; Ibn Athīr, Usdl Ghābah, vol.1, p.307 ; Ibn Mājah, Muhammad bin Yazīd, Sunan Ibn Mājah, Book.3, Chapter.1, Hadith.706 ; Book.3, Chapter.2, Hadith.707; Tirmadhī, Abu ‘Īsā Muhammad bin ‘Īsā, Jāmi‘ At-Tirmadhī, Book.2, Chapter.25, Hadith.189 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.3, p.235 ; Muir, William, The Life of Mohammad, pp.196-97
Ali, Syed Amīr, Spirt of Islam, Life and Teachings of Mohammed, S.K.Lahiri & Co, Calcutta,1902, p.64 ; Gilchrist, John, Muhammad The Prophet of Islam,Life Challenge Africa,Nairobi, 2003, p.20
Haykal, Muhammad Hussain, The Life of Muhammad, edit by Ismaīl Razi A. al-Faruqi, p.308.
Lings, Martin, Muhammad, His Life Based on the Earliest Sources,Carvan Press, Lahore, 1994, p.178 ; Watt, William Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, London,1956, p.22 ; E.Dinet & Siliman ben Ibrahim, The Life of Mohammad,The Prophet of Allah, Paris Book Club, Paris, p.190 ; Sell, Canon, The Life of Muhammad, S.P.C.K. Press, Madras, 1913, p.135
Al-Qur’ān, 2:144
Bodley, The Messenger, p.152
Jārullah, Abī al-Qāsim Mahmūd b.‘Umar Zamakhsharī, Al-Kashhāf, Maktaba al Abīkān, Riaḍ, 1998,vol.1, p.343 ; Sayūṭī, Jalā al-Dīn, al-Dur al-Manthūr fi Tafsīr Bilmathūr,al-Dirāsat al-Arabia wal Islamia, Qāhirah, 2003, vol.2, p.12 ; Al-Ṭabarī, Muhammad b. Jurair,Tafsīr Ṭabarī, al-Dirāsat al-Arabia wal Islamia, Qāhirah,2001, vol.2, p.608 ; Jabar, Imām Mujāhid, Al Tafsīr al-Imām Mujahid bin Jabar, edit by, Abd al-Salām, Dr. Muhammad, Al Dirāsāt al-Islamiah, Bairūt, 1989, p.216 ; Al-Azharī, Pīr Karam Shah, Ḍiā al-Qur’ān, Ḍiā al-Qur’ān Publications, Lahore, 1995, vol.1, p.103
Bukhārī, Book.8, Chapter.31, Hadith.399 ; Jām’e Tirmadhī, Book.2, Chapter.138, Hadith.340
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.223-24
Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.2, p.405 ; Ṭabaqāt,vol.1, p.14
Bodley, The Messenger, p.146
A.Guillaume, The Life of Mohammad, p.314 ; E.Dinet, The Life of Mohammad, The Prophet of Allah, The Paris Book Club, Paris, 2005, p.78 ; Muir,William, Mahomet & Islam, The Religion Tract Society, Paul’s Churchyard, 1887,pp.168-169 ; Ibn Khaldūn,vol.2, p.77. Ibn Kathīr, vol.2, p.154
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.216-17
Ṭabarī, vol.2, p.256 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.4, p.140 ; Ibn Khaldūn, vol.2, p.115 ; A. Guillaume, The Life of Mohammad, p.505
Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, p.324
This was the title of the rulers of Abyssinia State at that era. The real name of the Negus of Prophet’s time was Aṣḥam‘a Ibn Abjar.
Bodley, The Messenger, p.224
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.239,300
Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, p.344 ; Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.3, p.887
Bodley, The Messenger, p.239
Ibid, p.239
Ibid, p.167
Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.2, p.117
Ibid, p.122
Al Qur’ān, 33:53
Bodley,The Messenger, p.138
Ibn Khaldūn, p.68; Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, p.249; Ibn Kathīr, vol.3, p.257; Muir, William, The Life of Muhammad, p.210; Wollaston, Arthur Naylor, The Sword of Islam, John Murray, London, 1905, p.58
Muir, William, The Life of Muhammad, pp.208-209
Bodley, The Messenger, p.248
Al-Qur’ān, 60:1
Bukhārī, Book.65, Chapter.1, Hadith.4890 ; Rāzī, Imām Fakhruddīn, Mafātīḥul Ghaib, vol.29, p.297. Syūṭī, Imām Jalal al Dīn, al Dur al Manthūr Fī Tafsīr Bilmathūr, vol.14, p.404
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.254-55
Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.3, pp.952-53 ; Ṭabarī, vol.2, pp.308-09 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.4, p.254 ; Ṭabaqāt, vol.4, Part, 6, p.172 ; A. Guillaume, The Life of Mohammad,p.553
Bodley, The Messenger, p.120
Ibid, p.120
Suyūṭī, Jlāl al Dīn, Tarīkh al Khulafā, edit by Ḥanfī, Shabbīr Aḥmad Anṣārī, Maktaba Khalīl, Lahore, 2008, pp.234-35; Ibn Kathīr, vol.8, p.32 ; Irving, Washington,Muhammad and His Successors, pp.494-95; Al Mas’ūdī, Abū al Ḥasan bin Ḥussain, Tārīkh al Mas’ūdī , Nafīs Academy, Karachi, 1985, vol.2, p.362; Ṭabarī, vol.4, p.23 ; Ibn Khaldūn, vol.2, p.440
The Book of Exodus, 6:20 ; Al Qur’ān, 28:34,20:24-30
Bodley, The Messenger, p.162
The Book of Numbers, 20:25-29 ; 33:37-38
The Book of Deuteronomy, 10:6
The Book of Numbers, 33:31-37
Ibid, 20:23, 33:37
Ibid, 33:29-31
Bukhārī, Book,23, Chapter, 67, Hadith,1338
Tirmadhī, Book,44,Chapter,14 Hadith,3120 ; Thābit, Abū Ḥanīfa, No’mān, Musnad al Imām al Āẓam, edit by Iqbāl, Muhammad Ẓafar, Maktaba Raḥmāniah, Lahore, p.276
Bodley, The Messenger, p.89
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.46,62; Hishām, ‘Abd al-Malik, Al-Sīra al-Nabwiah, Dārul kutub, ,3rd EDI, 1990, Bairūt, p.51; Alfred Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad, Mass Printers, Karachi, 1967, p.113; Sa‘d, Muhammad bin, Ṭabaqāt Ibn Sa‘d, edited by, al ‘Imādī, ‘Allāmah ‘Abdullah, Nafees Academy, Karachi,vol.1, p.139
Bodley, The Messenger, pp. 272, 295
Ibid, p.48
Ibid, p.272
Bodley, The Messenger, p.274
Ibn Sa‘d, Tabaqāt, vol.1, p.380; Ibn Kathīr, Al Badayah wa al Nihayah, edit by, Shādānī, Prof. Kaokab, Nafīs Academy, 1987, vol.5, p.154; Ṭabarī, Tarīkh al Umam wal Malūk, vol.2, p.370
Bodley, The Messenger, p.44-45
Ibid, p.77
David Patrick, Chambers’s Biographical Dictionary (Edinburgh: W&R Chambers Limited, 1898), pp.108-109
Bodley, The Soundless Sahara (London: Robert Hale Limited, 1968), Back cover
Dale Carnegie and Bodley, I Lived in the Garden of Allah, How to Stop Worrying and Start living (Washington D.C: Library Of Congress, 1948), p.193
David Dutton, Paris 1918: The War Diary of the British Ambassador, the 17th Earl of Derby (Liverpool: University Press, 2001), p.163
William Snell, “ R.V.C. Bodley (Bodley of Arabia) at Keio University 1933,” The Hiyoshi Review of English Studies, No.63 (September 2013), pp.37,39
Ibid
Ibid, p.38
Bodley, I Lived in the Garden of Allah, p.193
Ibid
Bodley, Indiscretions of a Young Man, p.230
Snell, Bodley of Arabia, pp.41-42
Bodley, The Messenger; The Life of Muḥammad, (Lahore: Orientalia, 1954), p.vi
Ibid, p.1
Ibid, p.6
Ibid
William Muir, The Life of Mohammad (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1923), p.70
Al-Qur’ān, 3:19; 3:102
Bodley, The Messenger, p.74
Ibid, p.75
William Coke Taylor, The History of Mohammedanism and its Sects (London: John W Parker), 2nd EDI, p.90
Gabriel Said Reynolds, The Quran and its Historical Context (London: Taylor & Francis, 2008), p.70
Arhtur Jeffery, Islam Mohammed and His Religion (Indiana: Bobbs Merrill, 1979), p.47
Ibid, p.199
Ibid, p.1
Ibid, p.132
Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (London: Phoenix Press, 1992), p.145
Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips and Dr.Jamila Jones, Polygamy in Islam (Riyad: International Islamic publishing House, 2005), p.14
William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Karachi; Mehran Printers, 2006), 7th EDI, p.277
Bodley, The Messenger, p.81
Ibid, p.82
1 Kings, 11:1-3
1 Chronicles, 14:3 ; 11:21
Muhammad Murtaḍā al Ḥussainī Al Zubaidī, Tāj al ’Urūs min Jawāhir al Qāmūs (Kwait: 1994), 2nd edi, vol.7, pp.534,537
Angel M Rabasa, The Muslim World After 9/11 (California: RAND Corporation, 2004), p.xxxviii
Raymond Ibrahim, Are Judaism and Christianity as Violent as Islam Middle East Quarterly, vol.16, No.3, (Summer 2009), p.4
Bodley, The Messenger, p.135
Ibid, pp.84-85
Ibid, p.271
Bodley, The Messenger, p.1
Ibid, p.93
Ibid, p.56
Muhammad Mohar Ali, The Qur’ān and the Orientalists (UK: Jamī’at Iḥyā Minhāj al-Sunnah, 2004), p.40; Ockley, Simon, The History of the Saracens; Lives of Mohammed and His successors, Henry G Bohn, London,1847, p.2
Simon Ockley, The History of the Saracens, p.2
Bodley, The Messenger, p.77
Ibid, p.1; Genesis, 17:20
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.74-92
Ibid, pp.196-207
Bodley, The Messenger, p.22
Al-Qur’ān, 105:1-5; Muhammad b. Ishāq, Al-Sīra al-Nabwiah, Dārul kutub, Bairūt, 2004, pp.40-49
Muḥammad b. Sa’d, Ṭabaqāt Ibn Sa’d (Karachi: Nafīs Academy), Trans. ’Allāmah ’Abdullah al ’Imādī, vol.1, Part.1, pp.109-112
Abu al Fidā ’Imād al-Dīn Ibn Kathīr, Al Badayah wa al Nihayah (Karachi: Nafīs Academy, 1987) edited by Prof. Kaokab Shādānī, vol.5, p.154
’Alī Ibn Burhān al-Dīn Ḥalbī, Insān al ’Uyūn fī Sīrat al Amīn al Māmūn (Karachi: Dār al Ishā’at, 2009), Trans. Muhammad Aslam Qāsim, vol.1, pp.197-205
Muhammad b. Ishāq Yasār, Al-Sīra al-Nabwiah, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiah Bairūt, 2004), p.97; Ibn Sa’d, Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, pp.121-22; Ibn Kathīr, Al Badayah, vol.2, p.166
Henry Stubbe, An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism, (Luzac &Co, 1911) edited by Ḥāfiẓ Maḥmūd Khān Sharānī, p.73; George Bush, The Life of Mohammed (New York: A.L. Fowle, 1900), pp.34-35; Gladys. M Draycott, Mahomet Founder of Islam (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916), p.29; Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Muhammad from Original Sources (Allahabad: The Presbyterian Mission Press, 1851), p.76; Irving, Mahomet, p.30
Bodley, The Messenger, p.24
Irving, Mahomet, p.31 ; Alfred Guilluame, The Life of Muḥammad, (New York: Oxfor University Press, 1955), p.69; Muir, The Life of Mohammad, p.5; Canon Sell, The Life of Muhammad (India: The Christian Literature Society, 1913), p.7 ; Bush, The Life of Mohammed, p.32
Bodley, The Messenger, p.262
Zarqānī, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al Bāqī, Zarqānī al Mawāhib, Egypt, vol.1, p.168 ; Nabhānī, Yoūsaf b. Ismā’īl, Ḥujjatullah al Ālamīn fī Mo’jizāt Syed al Mursalīn, Bairūt, p.412 ; Shāmī, Muhammad b. Yoūsaf, Subal al-Hudā wa al-Rishād fī Sīrat Khair al‘Ibād, Dārul kutub, Bairut, vol.1, pp.229-233, vol.2, pp.120-128 ; Ḥalbī, Insān al ’Uyūn fī Sīrat al Amīn al Māmūn, vol.1, pp.6-177; Ibn Najīm, ‘Allāma Zain al Dīn Ibrahīm, Al Ishbāh wa al Nẓāir, Idāratul Qur’ān, Karachi, vol.2, p.467
Bukhārī, Book,8, Chapter, 1, Hadith, 349 ; Book.60, Chapter.5, Hadith.3342
Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, pp.223-224 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.3, p.127
Ṭabarī, vol.2, p.64
Bodley, The Messenger , pp.125-26
Bukhārī, Book, 10, Chapter, 1, hadith, 604
Muslim, Book.4, Chapter.1 Hadith.837; Ibn Athīr, Usdl Ghābah, vol.1, p.307 ; Ibn Mājah, Muhammad bin Yazīd, Sunan Ibn Mājah, Book.3, Chapter.1, Hadith.706 ; Book.3, Chapter.2, Hadith.707; Tirmadhī, Abu ‘Īsā Muhammad bin ‘Īsā, Jāmi‘ At-Tirmadhī, Book.2, Chapter.25, Hadith.189 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.3, p.235 ; Muir, William, The Life of Mohammad, pp.196-97
Ali, Syed Amīr, Spirt of Islam, Life and Teachings of Mohammed, S.K.Lahiri & Co, Calcutta,1902, p.64 ; Gilchrist, John, Muhammad The Prophet of Islam,Life Challenge Africa,Nairobi, 2003, p.20
Haykal, Muhammad Hussain, The Life of Muhammad, edit by Ismaīl Razi A. al-Faruqi, p.308.
Lings, Martin, Muhammad, His Life Based on the Earliest Sources,Carvan Press, Lahore, 1994, p.178 ; Watt, William Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, London,1956, p.22 ; E.Dinet & Siliman ben Ibrahim, The Life of Mohammad,The Prophet of Allah, Paris Book Club, Paris, p.190 ; Sell, Canon, The Life of Muhammad, S.P.C.K. Press, Madras, 1913, p.135
Al-Qur’ān, 2:144
Bodley, The Messenger, p.152
Jārullah, Abī al-Qāsim Mahmūd b.‘Umar Zamakhsharī, Al-Kashhāf, Maktaba al Abīkān, Riaḍ, 1998,vol.1, p.343 ; Sayūṭī, Jalā al-Dīn, al-Dur al-Manthūr fi Tafsīr Bilmathūr,al-Dirāsat al-Arabia wal Islamia, Qāhirah, 2003, vol.2, p.12 ; Al-Ṭabarī, Muhammad b. Jurair,Tafsīr Ṭabarī, al-Dirāsat al-Arabia wal Islamia, Qāhirah,2001, vol.2, p.608 ; Jabar, Imām Mujāhid, Al Tafsīr al-Imām Mujahid bin Jabar, edit by, Abd al-Salām, Dr. Muhammad, Al Dirāsāt al-Islamiah, Bairūt, 1989, p.216 ; Al-Azharī, Pīr Karam Shah, Ḍiā al-Qur’ān, Ḍiā al-Qur’ān Publications, Lahore, 1995, vol.1, p.103
Bukhārī, Book.8, Chapter.31, Hadith.399 ; Jām’e Tirmadhī, Book.2, Chapter.138, Hadith.340
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.223-24
Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.2, p.405 ; Ṭabaqāt,vol.1, p.14
Bodley, The Messenger, p.146
A.Guillaume, The Life of Mohammad, p.314 ; E.Dinet, The Life of Mohammad, The Prophet of Allah, The Paris Book Club, Paris, 2005, p.78 ; Muir,William, Mahomet & Islam, The Religion Tract Society, Paul’s Churchyard, 1887,pp.168-169 ; Ibn Khaldūn,vol.2, p.77. Ibn Kathīr, vol.2, p.154
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.216-17
Ṭabarī, vol.2, p.256 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.4, p.140 ; Ibn Khaldūn, vol.2, p.115 ; A. Guillaume, The Life of Mohammad, p.505
Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, p.324
This was the title of the rulers of Abyssinia State at that era. The real name of the Negus of Prophet’s time was Aṣḥam‘a Ibn Abjar.
Bodley, The Messenger, p.224
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.239,300
Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, p.344 ; Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.3, p.887
Bodley, The Messenger, p.239
Ibid, p.239
Ibid, p.167
Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.2, p.117
Ibid, p.122
Al Qur’ān, 33:53
Bodley,The Messenger, p.138
Ibn Khaldūn, p.68; Ṭabaqāt, vol.1, p.249; Ibn Kathīr, vol.3, p.257; Muir, William, The Life of Muhammad, p.210; Wollaston, Arthur Naylor, The Sword of Islam, John Murray, London, 1905, p.58
Muir, William, The Life of Muhammad, pp.208-209
Bodley, The Messenger, p.248
Al-Qur’ān, 60:1
Bukhārī, Book.65, Chapter.1, Hadith.4890 ; Rāzī, Imām Fakhruddīn, Mafātīḥul Ghaib, vol.29, p.297. Syūṭī, Imām Jalal al Dīn, al Dur al Manthūr Fī Tafsīr Bilmathūr, vol.14, p.404
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.254-55
Ibn Athīr, Usdul Ghābah, vol.3, pp.952-53 ; Ṭabarī, vol.2, pp.308-09 ; Ibn Kathīr, vol.4, p.254 ; Ṭabaqāt, vol.4, Part, 6, p.172 ; A. Guillaume, The Life of Mohammad,p.553
Bodley, The Messenger, p.120
Ibid, p.120
Suyūṭī, Jlāl al Dīn, Tarīkh al Khulafā, edit by Ḥanfī, Shabbīr Aḥmad Anṣārī, Maktaba Khalīl, Lahore, 2008, pp.234-35; Ibn Kathīr, vol.8, p.32 ; Irving, Washington,Muhammad and His Successors, pp.494-95; Al Mas’ūdī, Abū al Ḥasan bin Ḥussain, Tārīkh al Mas’ūdī , Nafīs Academy, Karachi, 1985, vol.2, p.362; Ṭabarī, vol.4, p.23 ; Ibn Khaldūn, vol.2, p.440
The Book of Exodus, 6:20 ; Al Qur’ān, 28:34,20:24-30
Bodley, The Messenger, p.162
The Book of Numbers, 20:25-29 ; 33:37-38
The Book of Deuteronomy, 10:6
The Book of Numbers, 33:31-37
Ibid, 20:23, 33:37
Ibid, 33:29-31
Bukhārī, Book,23, Chapter, 67, Hadith,1338
Tirmadhī, Book,44,Chapter,14 Hadith,3120 ; Thābit, Abū Ḥanīfa, No’mān, Musnad al Imām al Āẓam, edit by Iqbāl, Muhammad Ẓafar, Maktaba Raḥmāniah, Lahore, p.276
Bodley, The Messenger, p.89
Bodley, The Messenger, pp.46,62; Hishām, ‘Abd al-Malik, Al-Sīra al-Nabwiah, Dārul kutub, ,3rd EDI, 1990, Bairūt, p.51; Alfred Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad, Mass Printers, Karachi, 1967, p.113; Sa‘d, Muhammad bin, Ṭabaqāt Ibn Sa‘d, edited by, al ‘Imādī, ‘Allāmah ‘Abdullah, Nafees Academy, Karachi,vol.1, p.139
Bodley, The Messenger, pp. 272, 295
Ibid, p.48
Ibid, p.272
Bodley, The Messenger, p.274
Ibn Sa‘d, Tabaqāt, vol.1, p.380; Ibn Kathīr, Al Badayah wa al Nihayah, edit by, Shādānī, Prof. Kaokab, Nafīs Academy, 1987, vol.5, p.154; Ṭabarī, Tarīkh al Umam wal Malūk, vol.2, p.370
Bodley, The Messenger, p.44-45
Ibid, p.77
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